Mu myaka yashize, Ubushinwa bwihutishije iterambere ry’inganda zigenda zigaragara nk’ikoranabuhanga rishya ry’ikoranabuhanga, ikora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, n’ingufu nshya, kandi rishyira mu bikorwa imishinga minini mu bukungu bw’igihugu no kubaka ingabo. Inganda nshya zikeneye gutanga inkunga ningwate, kandi umwanya witerambere wigihe kizaza inganda nshya ni nini. Nk’uko imibare ibigaragaza, umusaruro w’inganda nshya z’Ubushinwa wazamutse uva kuri tiriyari 1 mu mwaka wa 2012 ugera kuri tiriyari 6.8 mu 2022, aho ubwiyongere rusange bwikubye hafi inshuro 6 ndetse n’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka buri hejuru ya 20%. Biteganijwe ko umusaruro w’inganda nshya z’Ubushinwa uzagera kuri tiriyari 10 mu 2025.

1.Icyegeranyo cy'inganda nshya

Ibikoresho bishya bivuga ibikoresho bishya byubatswe cyangwa bitezimbere ibikoresho byubaka nibikorwa byiza nibikoresho bikora bifite ibintu byihariye. Dukurikije umurongo ngenderwaho witerambere ryinganda nshya, ibikoresho bishya bigabanijwemo ibyiciro bitatu: ibikoresho byibanze byambere, ibikoresho byingenzi byingenzi, nibikoresho bigezweho. Buri cyiciro kirimo kandi ibice byihariye byibikoresho bishya, hamwe nurwego runini.

Ibyiciro bishya

Ubushinwa buha agaciro kanini iterambere ry’inganda nshya kandi bwagiye bushyira ku rutonde nk’inganda z’ikoranabuhanga mu rwego rw’igihugu ndetse n’inganda zikomeye zigenda ziyongera. Hateguwe gahunda na politiki byinshi bigamije guteza imbere cyane inganda z’ibikoresho bishya, kandi umwanya w’ibikorwa by’inganda nshya ukomeje kwiyongera. Igishushanyo gikurikira cyerekana ikarita nshya yibikoresho ya gahunda yimyaka 14 yimyaka itanu:

Nyuma, intara n’imijyi myinshi byashyizeho gahunda ziterambere na politiki yihariye yo gushishikariza no gushyigikira iterambere ryinganda nshya.

Inganda nshya

◾Imiterere y'uruhererekane rw'inganda

Inzira yo hejuru yibikoresho bishya byinganda zirimo ibikoresho byibyuma, ibikoresho byicyuma bidafite fer, ibikoresho bya chimique, ibikoresho byubwubatsi, ibikoresho byimyenda, nibindi. Hagati yibikoresho bishya bigabanijwemo ibyiciro bitatu: ibikoresho byibanze bigezweho, ibikoresho byingenzi byingenzi, nibikoresho bigezweho. Porogaramu zo hasi zirimo amakuru ya elegitoronike, ibinyabiziga bishya byingufu, kubungabunga ingufu no kurengera ibidukikije, inganda zikoreshwa mu rugo, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, icyogajuru, imashini z’imyenda, ubwubatsi n’inganda z’imiti, nibindi.

Ikarita y'Ibikoresho bishya Urunigi

◾gukwirakwiza umwanya

Inganda nshya z’Ubushinwa zashyizeho uburyo bwo guteza imbere ihuriro, hibandwa kuri Bohai Rim, Delta y’uruzi rwa Yangtze, na Pearl River Delta, no gukwirakwiza amatsinda y’inganda mu turere two mu majyaruguru y’iburasirazuba no hagati ndetse n’iburengerazuba.

◾Inganda

Inganda nshya mu gihugu cyacu zashizeho uburyo bwo guhatanira ibyiciro bitatu. Urwego rwa mbere rugizwe ahanini ninganda zatewe inkunga n’amahanga, hamwe n’amasosiyete yo muri Amerika ayoboye inzira. Ibigo byabayapani bifite ibyiza mubice nka nanomateriali nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, mugihe amasosiyete yuburayi afite ibyiza bigaragara mubikoresho byubaka, optique, nibikoresho bya optoelectronic. Icyiciro cya kabiri kigizwe ahanini ninganda zikomeye, zihagarariwe namasosiyete nka Wanhua Chemical na TCL Central. Hamwe na politiki nziza y’igihugu n’iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru, inganda zikomeye mu Bushinwa zigenda zegera icyiciro cya mbere. Icyiciro cya gatatu kigizwe ahanini numubare munini wibigo bito n'ibiciriritse, cyane cyane bifashisha ibikoresho byibanze bigezweho, hamwe namarushanwa akaze.

Imiterere ihiganwa yinganda munganda nshya zubushinwa

3.Imiterere yisi ihiganwa

Inzego zo guhanga udushya tw’inganda nshya ni ibihugu byateye imbere n’uturere nka Amerika, Ubuyapani, n’Uburayi, bifite umubare munini w’amasosiyete manini mpuzamahanga kandi afite inyungu zuzuye mu mbaraga z’ubukungu, ikoranabuhanga ry’ibanze, ubushakashatsi n’ubushobozi bw’iterambere, umugabane w’isoko, n’ibindi. Muri byo, Amerika ni igihugu kiza ku isonga, Ubuyapani bufite ibyiza mu bijyanye na nanomaterial, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, n'ibindi, kandi Uburayi bufite ibyiza bigaragara mu bikoresho byubaka, optique, n'ibikoresho bya optoelectronic. Ubushinwa, Koreya y'Epfo, n'Uburusiya biri inyuma cyane kandi kuri ubu biri mu cyiciro cya kabiri ku isi. Ubushinwa bufite inyungu zigereranya mu kumurika igice cya kabiri, ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magneti bihoraho, ibikoresho bya kirisiti ya kirisiti, Koreya yepfo mubikoresho byerekana, ibikoresho byo kubika, n'Uburusiya mubikoresho byo mu kirere. Urebye ku isoko rishya ry'ibikoresho, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru n'Uburayi kuri ubu bifite isoko rishya ry’ibikoresho ku isi, kandi isoko rirakuze. Mu karere ka Aziya ya pasifika, isoko ryibikoresho rishya riri murwego rwiterambere ryihuse.

4. Ibyagezweho mubikorwa byisi yose yibikoresho bishya