Imiterere yisi irahinduka vuba, bigira ingaruka kumiterere yimiti yashizweho mubinyejana bishize. Nka soko rinini ryabaguzi kwisi, Ubushinwa bugenda buhoro buhoro bukora umurimo wingenzi wo guhindura imiti. Inganda z’imiti zi Burayi zikomeje gutera imbere zigana inganda zo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Inganda z’imiti yo muri Amerika ya Ruguru zirimo gukurura “anti globalisation” y’ubucuruzi bw’imiti. Inganda zikora imiti mu burasirazuba bwo hagati n’Uburayi bw’iburasirazuba ziragenda ziyongera buhoro buhoro urwego rw’inganda, ruzamura ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ibikoresho fatizo no guhangana ku isi. Inganda zikora imiti ku isi zirimo kwifashisha inyungu zazo kugira ngo zihute mu iterambere, kandi imiterere y’inganda z’imiti ku isi zishobora guhinduka cyane mu gihe kiri imbere.
Iterambere ry’inganda z’imiti ku isi zavuzwe muri make ku buryo bukurikira:
Icyerekezo cya "karuboni ebyiri" gishobora guhindura imyanya yibikorwa bya peteroli nyinshi
Ibihugu byinshi ku isi byatangaje ko "karuboni ebyiri" Ubushinwa buzagera ku rwego rwo hejuru mu 2030 kandi bukaba butagira aho bubogamiye mu 2060. Nubwo ibintu byifashe muri iki gihe “karuboni ebyiri” ari bike, muri rusange, “karuboni ebyiri” iracyari igipimo cy’isi yose guhangana n'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere.
Nkuko inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli zifite igice kinini cy’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ni inganda zigomba kugira ibyo zihindura mu buryo bubiri bwa karubone. Guhindura ingamba zinganda zikora peteroli hasubijwe icyerekezo cya karubone yamye yibandwaho ninganda.
Muburyo bubiri bwa karubone, icyerekezo cyo guhindura ingamba zikomeye za peteroli mpuzamahanga zi Burayi na Amerika ni zimwe. Muri byo, ibihangange bya peteroli muri Amerika bizibanda ku iterambere ry’ifatwa rya karubone hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga rifitanye isano na karubone, kandi bitezimbere ingufu za biomass. Ibihugu by’iburayi n’ibindi bihugu mpuzamahanga bya peteroli byibanze ku mbaraga zishobora kongera ingufu, amashanyarazi asukuye n’ibindi byerekezo.
Mu bihe biri imbere, muri rusange iterambere ry '“karuboni ebyiri”, inganda z’imiti ku isi zishobora guhinduka cyane. Bimwe mu bihangange mpuzamahanga bya peteroli birashobora kuva mubitangwa na serivise yambere ya peteroli bikagera kubatanga serivisi nshya zingufu, bigahindura imyanya yikigo cyikinyejana gishize.
Uruganda rukora imiti ku isi ruzakomeza kwihutisha imiterere
Iterambere ry’inganda ku isi, kuzamura inganda no kuzamura ibicuruzwa byazanywe n’isoko rya terefone byateje imbere isoko rishya ry’imiti yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ndetse n’uburyo bushya bwo guhindura no kuzamura imiterere y’inganda z’imiti ku isi.
Ku cyerekezo cyo kuzamura imiterere yinganda ku isi, kuruhande rumwe, ni ukuzamura ingufu za biyomasi ningufu nshya; Ku rundi ruhande, ibikoresho bishya, ibikoresho bikora, imiti ya elegitoroniki, ibikoresho bya firime, catiseri nshya, n'ibindi. Ku buyobozi bw’ibihangange mpuzamahanga bya peteroli, icyerekezo cyo kuzamura inganda z’imiti ku isi kizibanda ku bikoresho bishya, ubumenyi bw’ubuzima n’ubumenyi bw’ibidukikije.
Umucyo wibikoresho fatizo bya chimique bizana ihinduka ryisi yose yimiterere yimiti
Ubwiyongere bw’ibikomoka kuri peteroli ya shale muri Amerika, Amerika yahindutse kuva ku bicuruzwa byatumizaga mu mahanga mbere y’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, kugeza ubu byohereza ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga muri iki gihe, bikaba bitazanye impinduka nini mu miterere y’ingufu z’Amerika, ariko kandi yagize ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere yingufu zisi. Amavuta ya shale yo muri Amerika ni ubwoko bwa peteroli yoroheje, kandi kwiyongera kwa peteroli ya shale yo muri Amerika nabyo byongera peteroli ya peteroli ku isi.
Icyakora, ku bijyanye n'Ubushinwa, Ubushinwa n’umukoresha wa peteroli ku isi. Imishinga myinshi yo gutunganya peteroli no guhuza imiti irimo kubakwa ahanini ishingiye byuzuyeGutandukanya amavuta ya peteroli, ntibisaba amavuta yoroheje gusa ahubwo binasaba amavuta aremereye.

Duhereye ku gutanga no gukenerwa, biteganijwe ko itandukaniro ry’ibiciro ku isi hagati y’amavuta na peteroli iremereye bizagenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro, bizana ingaruka zikurikira ku nganda z’imiti ku isi:
Mbere na mbere, kugabanya ubukemurampaka hagati ya peteroli yoroheje n’amavuta menshi bitewe no kugabanya itandukaniro ry’ibiciro bya peteroli hagati y’amavuta yoroheje n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli byagize ingaruka ku bivugwa hamwe n’ubukemurampaka bw’ibiciro bya peteroli nkicyitegererezo cy’ubucuruzi, kikaba gifasha imikorere ihamye y'isoko rya peteroli ku isi.
Icya kabiri, hamwe no kwiyongera kwa peteroli yoroheje no kugabanuka kw'ibiciro, biteganijwe ko byongera isi yose gukoresha amavuta yoroheje no kongera umusaruro wa naphtha. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ukurikije uburyo bwo kugaburira amatungo ku isi hose, biteganijwe ko ikoreshwa rya naphtha rizagabanuka, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutuma amakimbirane yiyongera hagati y’itangwa rya naphtha n’ibikoreshwa, bityo bikagabanya agaciro kateganijwe kuri naphtha.
Icya gatatu, ubwiyongere bwamavuta yoroheje azagabanya umusaruro wibicuruzwa biremereye bikoresheje peteroli yuzuye nkibikoresho fatizo, nkibicuruzwa byomoteri, amavuta ya mazutu, peteroli ya kokiya, nibindi. Iyi nzira yiterambere nayo ijyanye no gutegereza ko gucana urumuri ibiryo bizagabanya kugabanuka kwibicuruzwa bya aromatiya, bishobora kongera ikirere cyo gutekereza ku bicuruzwa bijyanye.
Icya kane, kugabanya itandukaniro ryibiciro bya peteroli hagati yumucyo n’ibikoresho fatizo birashobora kongera igiciro fatizo cyibikorwa by’inganda zikora inganda, bityo bikagabanya inyungu ziteganijwe mu mishinga itunganya inganda. Muri iki cyerekezo, bizanateza imbere iterambere ry’igipimo cyiza cy’inganda zitunganya inganda.
Inganda z’imiti ku isi zishobora guteza imbere kwibumbira hamwe
Mugihe cyinyuma ya "karuboni ebyiri", "guhindura imiterere yingufu" na "anti globalisation", ibidukikije birushanwe mubigo bito n'ibiciriritse bizarushaho gukomera, kandi ibibi byabo nkibipimo, igiciro, igishoro, ikoranabuhanga no kurengera ibidukikije bizagira ingaruka zikomeye Ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse.
Ibinyuranye, ibihangange bya peteroli mpuzamahanga bikora ubucuruzi bwuzuye no gutezimbere. Ku ruhande rumwe, bazakuraho buhoro buhoro ubucuruzi bwa peteroli gakondo hamwe n’ingufu nyinshi, agaciro kiyongereye hamwe n’umwanda mwinshi. Ku rundi ruhande, kugira ngo tugere ku ntego y’ubucuruzi ku isi, ibihangange bya peteroli bizita cyane ku guhuza no kugura. Igipimo cyimikorere nubunini bwa M&A no kuvugurura nabyo ni ishingiro ryingenzi ryo gusuzuma uruzinduko rwinganda zikora imiti. Birumvikana ko, kubijyanye nubukungu bugenda buzamuka, baracyafata ubwubatsi nkicyitegererezo nyamukuru cyiterambere kandi bakagera no kwaguka byihuse kandi binini bashaka amafaranga.
Biteganijwe ko uruganda rukora imiti no guhuza ibikorwa bizibanda cyane cyane ku bihugu byateye imbere nk’Uburayi na Amerika, kandi ubukungu bugenda buzamuka buhagarariwe n’Ubushinwa bushobora kwitabira mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro.
Icyerekezo giciriritse nigihe kirekire cyibikorwa bya chimique bishobora kwibanda cyane mugihe kizaza
Ni ingamba zo guharanira gukurikiza icyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’ibihangange by’imiti ku isi, ariko bifite akamaro kanini.
Mu ngamba zose zafashwe n’ibihangange bya peteroli, inyinshi muri zo zatangiriye mu rwego runaka rw’umwuga, hanyuma zitangira gukwirakwira no kwaguka. Iterambere rusange muri rusange rifite ibihe runaka, guhuza gutandukana guhuza re gutandukana… Kugeza ubu no mugihe runaka mugihe kizaza, ibihangange birashobora kuba mubihe byuzuzanya, bifite amashami menshi, ubumwe bukomeye hamwe nicyerekezo cyibanze. Kurugero, BASF izaba icyerekezo cyingenzi cyiterambere cyiterambere muburyo bwo gutwikira, catalizator, ibikoresho bikora nizindi nzego, kandi Huntsman azakomeza guteza imbere ubucuruzi bwayo bwa polyurethane.