Nibihe bikoresho bikozwe muri plastiki?
Nkibikoresho byingirakamaro mubuzima bwa kijyambere, plastiki zikoreshwa cyane mubice byinshi nko gupakira, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imodoka, nubwubatsi. Ni ibihe bikoresho bya plastiki bikozwe? Ibi mubyukuri birimo siyanse igoye ya polymers munganda zikora imiti. Plastike ikozwe mubintu bitandukanye bya sintetike cyangwa igice cya sintetike ya polimeri, kandi ibyo bikoresho bya polymer bitunganyirizwa muburyo bwihariye mubintu bya buri munsi tuzi. Mubikurikira, tuzasesengura birambuye ibigize plastike n'inzira yo kubitegura.
1. Ibice byibanze bya plastiki: polymers
Plastiki ikozwe iki? Igisubizo nyamukuru ni polymers. Polimeri ni urunigi rwa molekile ndende igizwe numubare munini wa monomer usubiramo uhujwe na polymerisation reaction. Polymers isanzwe irimo polyethylene (PE), polypropilene (PP), polystirene (PS) na chloride polyvinyl (PVC). Ubwoko butandukanye bwa plastiki bwerekana ibintu bitandukanye byumubiri nubumara bitewe nubwoko bwa monomer yakoreshejwe, uburyo bwa polymerisation nuburyo bwa molekile.

Polyethylene (PE): polymerised ikomoka kuri Ethylene monomer, ikunze gukoreshwa mugukora imifuka ya pulasitike, firime zipakira ibiryo, nibindi.
Polypropilene (PP): polymerisation ya propylene monomer, hamwe nubushyuhe bwiza, ikoreshwa cyane mumifuka yamacupa ya plastike, ibikoresho byo murugo.
Polystirene (PS): polymerized kuva styrene monomer, ibonerana kandi yoroshye kuyikora, ikunze gukoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho byo kumeza bikoreshwa, ibikoresho byo gupakira.

2. Inyongeramusaruro zikoreshwa mugukora plastike
Usibye polymers, plastike zirimo inyongeramusaruro zitandukanye zikoreshwa mukuzamura imitungo yazo cyangwa kugabanya ibiciro byumusaruro. Ibyo byongeweho birimo antioxydants, plasitike, stabilisateur, ibintu bisiga amabara, ibyuzuza nibindi. Ubwoko nubunini bwinyongera bigira ingaruka kumiterere yumubiri no gukoresha plastike.

Plastiseri: ongera ubworoherane bwa plastike kandi byoroshye kubitunganya no kubumba. Bikunze gukoreshwa mubikorwa bya PVC.
Antioxydants: irinde plastike gusaza bitewe na okiside mugihe cyo kuyikoresha no kuyikoresha, no kunoza igihe kirekire.
Abuzuza: nka calcium karubone, ifu ya talcum, ikoreshwa mu kongera ubukana n’umutekano wa plastike, mugihe igabanya ibicuruzwa.

3. Uburyo bwo gukora plastike: reaction ya polymerisation hamwe nubuhanga bwo kubumba
Umusaruro wa plastiki ugabanijwemo ibice bibiri: reaction ya polymerisation no kubumba. Monomers ihindurwamo polymers binyuze mumiti ya reaction. Ukurikije uburyo bwa polymerisation, irashobora kugabanywamo polymerisation yubusa, polymerisation ya anionic, polymerisation cationic na copolymerisation. Ibikurikira, polymer itunganyirizwa mubicuruzwa byuburyo bwifuzwa mugutera inshinge, gusohora, guhumeka no mubindi bikorwa.

Gutera inshinge: plastike ishushe yashushe ikanda mubibumbano kandi bigakorwa muburyo bukoreshwa mugukora ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki bikoreshwa buri munsi.
Gukuramo: Plastike irashyuha hanyuma igakorwa no gusohora, ikwiriye gukora ibicuruzwa bikomeza nka imiyoboro na firime.
Gukubita inshyi: plastiki yashongeshejwe irakoreshwa kandi ikoreshwa mugukora ibicuruzwa bidafite amacupa.

4. Iterambere ryiterambere ryibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije
Hamwe no kurushaho kumenyekanisha ibidukikije, abantu bashyize ahagaragara ibisabwa byinshi by’ibidukikije mu gukora no gukoresha plastiki. Plastike yangirika, plastiki ishingiye kuri bio na plastiki ikoreshwa neza birahinduka icyerekezo gishya cyiterambere.

Plastiki yangirika: nka aside polylactique (PLA), irashobora kwangirika buhoro buhoro kuri dioxyde de carbone n'amazi mubidukikije.
Blasitiki ishingiye kuri bio: polymers ikozwe mubikoresho fatizo byibimera, nkibigori nisukari, byabonetse binyuze mubihindagurika ryibinyabuzima.
Amashanyarazi yongeye gukoreshwa: mugutunganya ibicuruzwa bishaje bya pulasitike, binyuze muburyo bwo gukora isuku, kumenagura no gusubiramo, byongeye gukoreshwa kugirango bitange ibicuruzwa bishya.

Umwanzuro
Binyuze mu isesengura ryavuzwe haruguru, dushobora gusubiza neza ikibazo cy '"ibikoresho bikozwe muri pulasitiki bikozwe": plastiki ikozwe ahanini na polimeri yubukorikori hamwe ninyongeramusaruro zitandukanye, bitunganijwe muburyo butandukanye bwo kubumba. Hamwe niterambere ryubumenyi nikoranabuhanga, iterambere rya plastiki zangiza ibidukikije riragenda rihindura buhoro buhoro gushingira kuri plastiki gakondo, no guteza imbere iterambere ryinganda za plastiki muburyo bwiza kandi burambye.