Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa plastiki?

Plastike ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi kandi cyinjira mu bice byose by'ubuzima bwacu. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa plastiki? Duhereye ku miti, plastike ni ubwoko bwibikoresho bya polymerike, ibice byingenzi bigizwe na polymers organic. Iyi ngingo izasesengura mu buryo burambuye imiterere n’ibyiciro bya plastiki nuburyo bukoreshwa mu nganda zitandukanye.
1. Ibigize nuburyo bwa shimi bya plastiki

Kugirango usobanukirwe nibikoresho plastiki aribyo, icyambere gikeneye gusobanukirwa ibiyigize. Plastike ikorwa binyuze muri polymerisation yibintu bya macromolecular, bigizwe ahanini na karubone, hydrogène, ogisijeni, azote, sulfure nibindi bintu. Ibi bintu bigize urunigi rurerure, ruzwi nka polymers, binyuze muri covalent bonds. Ukurikije imiterere yimiti, plastike irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri byingenzi: thermoplastique na thermosets.

Thermoplastique: Ubu bwoko bwa plastike bworoshe iyo bushyushye bugasubira muburyo bwambere iyo bukonje, kandi gushyushya no gukonjesha inshuro nyinshi ntabwo bihindura imiterere yimiti. Ubushuhe busanzwe burimo polyethylene (PE), polypropilene (PP), na chloride polyvinyl (PVC).

Amashanyarazi ya Thermosetting: Bitandukanye na thermoplastique, plastiki ya thermosetting izajya ihura n’imiti nyuma yo gushyushya bwa mbere, ikore imiterere yimiyoboro itatu-idashobora gukemuka cyangwa guhindagurika, kuburyo imaze kubumbabumbwa, ntishobora guhindurwa nubushyuhe. Ubusanzwe plastiki ya termoset irimo resinike (PF), epoxy resin (EP), nibindi.

2. Gutondeka no gukoresha plastike

Ukurikije imiterere yabyo nibisabwa, plastike irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu: plastiki-rusange-isanzwe, plastiki yubuhanga na plastiki idasanzwe.

Amashanyarazi rusange-rusange: nka polyethylene (PE), polypropilene (PP), nibindi, bikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byo gupakira, ibicuruzwa byo murugo hamwe nindi mirima. Barangwa nigiciro gito, umusaruro ukuze kandi ubereye umusaruro mwinshi.

Amashanyarazi ya plastike: nka polyakarubone (PC), nylon (PA), nibindi. Iyi plastiki ifite imiterere yubukanishi kandi irwanya ubushyuhe, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mumamodoka, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'amashanyarazi, ibice bya mashini nibindi bice bisaba.

Ibikoresho bya plastiki byihariye: nka polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), nibindi.

3. Ibyiza nibibazo bya plastiki

Plastike igira uruhare rudasubirwaho mu nganda zigezweho kubera uburemere bwabyo, imbaraga nyinshi no gutunganya byoroshye. Gukoresha plastike nabyo bizana ibibazo by ibidukikije. Kubera ko plastiki bigoye kuyitesha agaciro, plastiki y’imyanda igira ingaruka zikomeye ku bidukikije, bityo gutunganya no gukoresha plastike byabaye impungenge ku isi yose.
Mu nganda, abashakashatsi barimo gukora plastike nshya y’ibinyabuzima hagamijwe kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije by’imyanda ya plastiki. Tekinoroji yo gutunganya plastiki nayo iratera imbere, kandi tekinoroji iteganijwe kugabanya cyane ibiciro byumusaruro wa plastike n’umuvuduko w’ibidukikije.

Umwanzuro

Plastike ni ubwoko bwibikoresho bya polymer bigizwe na polymers kama, bishobora gushyirwa mubice bya plasitiki ya termoplastique na thermosetting ukurikije imiterere yimiti itandukanye hamwe n’ahantu hashyirwa. Hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga, ubwoko nibisabwa bya plastiki biraguka, ariko ibibazo by ibidukikije bazana ntibishobora kwirengagizwa. Gusobanukirwa ibikoresho plastiki aribyo ntibizadufasha gusa gukoresha neza ibi bikoresho, ahubwo bizadutera inkunga yo gushakisha uruhare rwayo mumajyambere arambye.